Many types of heart procedures can be done with minimally invasive heart surgery. Examples include:

• Closure of a hole in the heart, such as atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale.
• Atrioventricular septal defect surgery.
• Maze procedure for atrial fibrillation.
• Heart valve repair or replacement.
• Surgery to remove tumors from the heart.

The benefits of minimally invasive heart surgery when compared with open-heart surgery can include:

• Less blood loss.
• Lower risk of infection.
• Less pain.
• Less time needing a breathing tube, also called a ventilator.
• Less time spent in the hospital.
• Faster recovery and quicker return to usual activities.
• Smaller scars.

Minimally invasive heart surgery isn't right for everyone. Your health care team reviews your health history and does tests to learn if it's a good option for you.

Specially trained surgeons do minimally invasive or robotic heart surgery. You might be referred to a medical center with surgeons and a surgical team who have the needed expertise.

Risks of minimally invasive heart surgery are similar to those of open-heart surgery. They may include:

• Bleeding.
• Heart attack.
• Infection.
• Irregular heart rhythms called arrhythmias.
• Stroke.
• Death.

Rarely, a minimally invasive heart surgery may need to change to an open-heart surgery. For example, this might happen if the surgeon thinks it's not safe to continue with the minimally invasive approach.

Before minimally invasive heart surgery, your care team tells you what to expect before, during and after the surgery. You also learn about the risks and benefits of the procedure.

You might be told about a legal document called an advance directive. This is information about the types of treatments you would want — or would not want — in case you become unable to express your wishes.

Before you go to the hospital for your surgery, talk to your family or caregiver about your hospital stay. Discuss the help you'll need when you return home.

Food and medications

Ask your health care team:

• When or if you can take your regular medicines before your surgery.
• At what time you should stop eating or drinking before the procedure.

Tell your health care team about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription. It can be helpful to bring a list of your medicines to the hospital. Also tell the team about any allergies to medicines.

Clothing and personal items

Your care team might suggest that you bring some items to the hospital, including:

• Eyeglasses, hearing aids or dentures.
• Personal care items, such as a brush, comb, razor and toothbrush.
• Loose-fitting, comfortable clothing.
• A copy of your advance directive.
• Items that might help you relax, such as a portable music player or books.

During surgery, do not wear:

• Contact lenses.
• Dentures.
• Eyeglasses.
• Jewelry.
• Nail polish.

Before the procedure

You may need to have some hair shaved before surgery. Hair may be removed in the areas of your body where the surgery will take place. Your skin is usually washed with special soap to lower the risk of infection.

During the procedure

How the surgery is done depends on the specific type of surgery you're having. Types of minimally invasive heart surgery include:

• Robot-assisted heart surgery.
• Thoracoscopic surgery, which sometimes is called a minithoracotomy.

In all types, a surgeon reaches the heart through small incisions between the ribs of the chest. A tool with a small video camera placed through one of the incisions helps the surgeon see inside the body.

You are usually connected to a heart-lung bypass machine during the surgery. The machine keeps blood moving through the body during the surgery.

Robot-assisted heart surgery

In this type of minimally invasive heart surgery, robotic arms are used to do the surgery. The surgeon controls the arms from a nearby computer station. The surgeon looks at a magnified 3D view of the heart on a video monitor. When the surgeon's arms and wrists move, the robotic arms move the same way to do the surgery.

Surgical tools are attached to the robotic arms. A surgical team at the operating table changes those tools as needed.

Thoracoscopic surgery

This type of surgery also is called a minithoracotomy. The surgeon inserts a long, thin video camera called a thoracoscope into a small incision between the ribs in your chest.

The surgeon repairs the heart using long instruments placed through small incisions between the ribs.

After the procedure

It's typical to spend one night in the intensive care unit (ICU) after minimally invasive heart surgery. You usually have:

• Fluids and medicines going through an IV.
• Tubes to drain urine from your bladder or fluid and blood from your chest.
• Extra oxygen through a face mask or through a small plastic tube next to your nose.

After the ICU, you move to a regular hospital room. The number of days you spend in the hospital depends on the type of surgery and your overall health.

Your health care team watches you closely while you're in the hospital. The team will:

• Watch for signs of infection.
• Check your blood pressure, breathing and heart rate.
• Work with you to manage pain.
• Get you up and walking, and help you slowly become more active.
• Show you how to do deep-breathing exercises and teach you to cough to keep your lungs clear.
• Remove all drainage tubes.

The care team gives you instructions to follow during your recovery. You'll learn how to watch for signs of infection, care for your incisions, take medicines and manage pain.

Your care team also tells you when you can get back to your daily activities, such as working, driving and exercise.

Minimally invasive heart surgery typically has a quicker recovery time when compared with open-heart surgery. This may help improve your quality of life.

You usually need regular health checkups after surgery to check your health. Tests may be done to see how the heart is working. Your health care team may suggest that you follow a heart-healthy lifestyle. You may be told to:

• Eat a healthy diet.
• Get regular exercise.
• Manage stress.
• Do not smoke or chew tobacco.

Your care team might suggest a personalized exercise and education program to help you get stronger after surgery. This program is called cardiac rehabilitation, sometimes called cardiac rehab. It's done to improve health in those with a heart condition or a history of heart surgery. Cardiac rehabilitation usually includes supervised exercise, emotional support and education about a heart-healthy lifestyle.